Immunological Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Failure: A Systematic Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: This section provides a brief overview of the significance of kidney failure and its impact on public health. It highlights the urgent need for effective diagnostic and treatment approaches to address this growing health concern.
Overview of Immunological Mechanisms in Kidney Failure: The role of immune system dysregulation in the development and progression of kidney failure is discussed in this section. Various immune cells, cytokines, and inflammatory processes are explained in relation to their contribution to renal damage. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted interventions.
Immunological Approaches for Diagnosis: This section reviews immunological markers or techniques used for diagnosing kidney failure. The advantages, limitations, and potential clinical applications of these markers or techniques are discussed. Accurate diagnosis plays a crucial role in timely intervention and management.
Immunological Approaches for Treatment: Different immunotherapeutic strategies employed in managing kidney failure are explored in this section. The mechanisms of action, efficacy, and potential side effects associated with these approaches are discussed. Advancements in immunotherapy offer hope for improved patient outcomes.
Challenges and Future Directions: Existing challenges in implementing immunological approaches for kidney failure diagnosis and treatment are addressed here. Additionally, potential areas of research are suggested to overcome these challenges and enhance patient outcomes. Identifying future directions will drive innovation and progress.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Imig JD, Ryan MJ. Immune and inflammatory role in renal disease. Compr Physiol. 2013;3(2):957-76.
II. Singbartl K, Formeck CL, Kellum JA, editors. Kidney-immune system crosstalk in AKI. Seminars in nephrology; 2019: Elsevier.
III. Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2018;9(6):7204.
IV. Hasson D, Menon S, Gist KM. Improving acute kidney injury diagnostic precision using biomarkers. Pract Lab Med. 2022;30:e00272.
V. Tidmas V, Brazier J, Bottoms L, Muniz D, Desai T, Hawkins J, et al. Ultra-endurance Participation and Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(24):16887.
VI. Manohar S, Jhaveri KD, Perazella MA. Immunotherapy-related acute kidney injury. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 2021;28(5):429-37. e1.
VII. Bonavia A, Singbartl K. A review of the role of immune cells in acute kidney injury. Pediatric Nephrology. 2018;33:1629-39.
VIII. Kinsey GR, Li L, Okusa MD. Inflammation in acute kidney injury. Nephron Experimental Nephrology. 2008;109(4):e102-e7.
IX. -Stolc S, Potrykus M, Stankiewicz M, Kaska Ł, Małgorzewicz S. Pro-inflammatory profile of adipokines in obesity contributes to pathogenesis, nutritional disorders, and cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2022;14(7):1457.
X. Zhou M, Li S, Pathak JL. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and osteocytes. Current osteoporosis reports. 2019;17:97-104.
XI. Mihai S, Codrici E, Popescu ID, Enciu AM, Albulescu L, Necula LG, et al. Inflammation-Related Mechanisms in Chronic Kidney Disease Prediction, Progression, and Outcome. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:2180373.
XII. Cernoch M, Viklicky O. Complement in kidney transplantation. Frontiers in medicine. 2017;4:66.
XIII. Noris M, Remuzzi G, editors. Overview of complement activation and regulation. Seminars in nephrology; 2013: Elsevier.
XIV. Ricklin D, Reis ES, Lambris JD. Complement in disease: a defence system turning offensive. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2016;12(7):383-401.
XV. Suarez-Fueyo A, Bradley SJ, Klatzmann D, Tsokos GC. T cells and autoimmune kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2017;13(6):329-43.
XVI. Segelmark M, Hellmark T. Autoimmune kidney diseases. Autoimmunity reviews. 2010;9(5):A366-A71.
XVII. Eddy AA. Progression in chronic kidney disease. Advances in chronic kidney disease. 2005;12(4):353-65.
XVIII. Coll E, Botey A, Alvarez L, Poch E, Quintó L, Saurina A, et al. Serum cystatin C as a new marker for noninvasive estimation of glomerular filtration rate and as a marker for early renal impairment. American journal of kidney diseases. 2000;36(1):29-34.
XIX. McFarlane P, Cherney D, Gilbert RE, Senior P, Committee DCCPGE. Chronic kidney disease in diabetes. Canadian journal of diabetes. 2018;42:S201-S9.
XX. Cui Z, Zhao J, Jia X-y, Zhu S-n, Zhao M-h. Clinical features and outcomes of anti–glomerular basement membrane disease in older patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2011;57(4):575-82.
XXI. Kościelska-Kasprzak K, Bartoszek D, Myszka M, Żabińska M, Klinger M. The complement cascade and renal disease. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis. 2014;62:47-57.
XXII. Tambur AR, Kosmoliaptsis V, Claas FH, Mannon RB, Nickerson P, Naesens M. Significance of HLA-DQ in kidney transplantation: time to reevaluate human leukocyte antigen–matching priorities to improve transplant outcomes? An expert review and recommendations. Kidney international. 2021;100(5):1012-22.
XXIII. Chew ST, Fitzwilliam J, Indridason OS, Kovalik EC. Role of urine and serum protein electrophoresis in evaluation of nephrotic-range proteinuria. American journal of kidney diseases. 1999;34(1):135-9.
XXIV. Huang X, Wang Y, Xie L, Zhang Y, Tang S, Yin S, et al. IgA nephropathy with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody seropositivity. Clinical Nephrology. 2015;84(3):156-64.
XXV. Pisetsky DS, Lipsky PE. New insights into the role of antinuclear antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2020;16(10):565-79.
XXVI. Perelas A, Silver RM, Arrossi AV, Highland KB. Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. The Lancet respiratory medicine. 2020;8(3):304-20.
XXVII. Coppo R, Gianoglio B, Porcellini MG, Maringhini S. Frequency of renal diseases and clinical indications for renal biopsy in children (report of the Italian National Registry of Renal Biopsies in Children). Group of Renal Immunopathology of the Italian Society of Pediatric Nephrology and Group of Renal Immunopathology of the Italian Society of Nephrology. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association-European Renal Association. 1998;13(2):293-7.
XXVIII. Okpechi I, Swanepoel C, Duffield M, Mahala B, Wearne N, Alagbe S, et al. Patterns of renal disease in Cape Town South Africa: a 10-year review of a single-centre renal biopsy database. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2011;26(6):1853-61.
XXIX. Chen M, Kallenberg CG, Zhao M-H. ANCA-negative pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2009;5(6):313-8.
XXX. Kambham N. Crescentic glomerulonephritis: an update on pauci-immune and anti-GBM diseases. Advances in anatomic pathology. 2012;19(2):111-24.
XXXI. Anders H-J, Saxena R, Zhao M-h, Parodis I, Salmon JE, Mohan C. Lupus nephritis. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2020;6(1):7.
XXXII. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033-4.
XXXIII. Afshar-Kharghan V. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Hematology 2014, the American Society of Hematology Education Program Book. 2016;2016(1):217-25.
XXXIV. Sethi S, Fervenza FC. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis—a new look at an old entity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;366(12):1119-31.
XXXV. Ramachandran R, Kumar V, Nada R, Jha V. Serial monitoring of anti-PLA2R in initial PLA2R-negative patients with primary membranous nephropathy. Kidney international. 2015;88(5):1198-9.
XXXVI. Herget-Rosenthal S, editor Imaging techniques in the management of chronic kidney disease: current developments and future perspectives. Seminars in nephrology; 2011: Elsevier.
XXXVII. Wiseman AC. Immunosuppressive Medications. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(2):332-43.
XXXVIII. Santoro D, Pellicanò V, Visconti L, Trifirò G, Cernaro V, Buemi M. Monoclonal antibodies for renal diseases: current concepts and ongoing treatments. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2015;15(8):1119-43.
XXXIX. Pescovitz MD. Rituximab, an anti-cd20 monoclonal antibody: history and mechanism of action. American Journal of Transplantation. 2006;6(5):859-66.
XL. Stenvinkel P, Ketteler M, Johnson RJ, Lindholm B, Pecoits-Filho R, Riella M, et al. IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia—the good, the bad, and the ugly. Kidney international. 2005;67(4):1216-33.
XLI. Thurman JM, Le Quintrec M. Targeting the complement cascade: novel treatments coming down the pike. Kidney international. 2016;90(4):746-52.
XLII. Ort M, Dingemanse J, Van den Anker J, Kaufmann P. Treatment of rare inflammatory kidney diseases: drugs targeting the terminal complement pathway. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:599417.
XLIII. Fan X-L, Zhang Y, Li X, Fu Q-L. Mechanisms underlying the protective effects of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy. Cellular and molecular life sciences. 2020;77:2771-94.
XLIV. Wang M, Yuan Q, Xie L. Mesenchymal stem cell-based immunomodulation: properties and clinical application. Stem cells international. 2018;2018.
XLV. Pusey CD, Levy JB. Plasmapheresis in immunologic renal disease. Blood purification. 2012;33(1-3):190-8.
XLVI. Tha-In T, Bayry J, Metselaar HJ, Kaveri SV, Kwekkeboom J. Modulation of the cellular immune system by intravenous immunoglobulin. Trends in immunology. 2008;29(12):608-15.
XLVII. Schwab I, Nimmerjahn F. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: how does IgG modulate the immune system? Nature Reviews Immunology. 2013;13(3):176-89.
XLVIII. Arend WP. The mode of action of cytokine inhibitors. The Journal of Rheumatology Supplement. 2002;65:16-21.
XLIX. Schwartz DM, Kanno Y, Villarino A, Ward M, Gadina M, O'Shea JJ. JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases. Nature reviews Drug discovery. 2017;16(12):843-62.
L. Gadina M, Gazaniga N, Vian L, Furumoto Y. Small molecules to the rescue: Inhibition of cytokine signaling in immune-mediated diseases. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2017;85:20-31.
LI. Wu X, Jiang J, Gu Z, Zhang J, Chen Y, Liu X. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapies: immunomodulatory properties and clinical progress. Stem cell research & therapy. 2020;11(1):1-16.