International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Bio Medical Science

Hypoglycemia-Induced Loss of Consciousness in an Immobilized Geriatric Patient: A Case Report

2024-09-25T01:07:27+00:00

Introduction : Hypoglycemia in geriatric people is a less well recognized condition and have been correlated with acute outcomes such as seizure, coma, and cardiac arrhythmia. Symptoms of hypoglycemia tend to be less specific with ageing, where diagnosing these conditions in geriatric patient potentially becomes more difficult.

Case Report : A 77-year-old man was brought to the ER due to unresponsive since 2 hours before admission. He was hypoglycemic with a plasma glucose level of 70 mg/dL, hypoalbuminemia (2,6 g/dL), and hyponatremia (121 mmol/L). After receiving intravenous dextrose, he regained consciousness and his plasma glucose level increased to 120 mg/dL. Electrolyte abnormalities were corrected, plasma glucose level monitored every 2 hours and titrated according to hypoglycemia standard procedure. He has been in total bed rest and immobilized for 5 years due to inferior paraparesis with decubitus ulcer, had a history of uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Physical examination showed reduced motor function in his lower extremities. The patient had significant recovery during the treatment course and was discharge 4 days after initial presentation.

Discussion : Hypoglycemia is a low plasma glucose concentration state that could leads to defective glucose counter-regulation and hypoglycemia unawareness. The patient’s long immobilized state potentially leads to a catabolic state that results in muscle wasting. While his reduced intake leads to geriatric anorexia and become the potential cause of hypoglycemia. Mainstay of hypoglycemic treatment is the detection and treatment using interventions that rapidly increased blood sugar to a safe level, eliminating injury risks and quickly relived symptoms.

Conclusion : Diabetes in geriatric has a higher risk for hypoglycemia and should be considered in treating an elderly patient presenting with unresponsiveness or loss of consciousness.

Safety and Efficacy of Multisession Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for (Large Benign Intracranial Lesions > 3cm)

2024-09-09T21:06:47+00:00

Background: Stereotactic radiosurgery is delivery of an ablative dose of ionizing radiation to a focused target with 3D localization to elicit a specific radiobiological response and sparing the surrounding normal brain tissue.

Objective: to evaluate safety and efficacy of Gamma knife radiosurgery by volume staging of large benign intracranial lesions.

Patients and methods: prospective cohort study is conducted at Saad Alwitry neuroscience hospital, gamma knife department between June 2017 to February 2021, 60 patients (25 case meningioma ,15 case vestibular schwannoma ,10 case arteriovenous malformation and 10 patients with pituitary macro-adenoma) having large lesions of >3cm were treated by multisession radiosurgery (2-3 sessions), time between sessions (24hr-6m), follow up time ranged from(6ms-3yr).

Results: rate of growth control for meningioma, vestibular schawannoma, AVM and pituitary macro-adenoma was 76 %,53.3% ,30% and 60% while reduction in lesion size is 20%, 33.3%, 70% and 30% respectively and clinical improvement was 86.4% for meningioma ,52.6% for VS ,73.2% for AVM and 88% for PA and the complications reported were 15.2%.

Conclusion: volume staged multisession GKSR is effective, safe and well tolerated with low morbidity modality for these large lesions.

Clinical Features of Oral Candidiasis Among Patients Visiting the Dental Clinics in College of Dentistry, University of Hilla, Babylon, Iraq

2024-10-05T12:25:00+00:00

The most prevalent illness in the oral cavity and in general dentistry practice is oral candidiasis, often known as thrush, which can afflict anyone. Candida albicans, which is typically present in the mouths of approximately 50% of the global population as a normal component of the oral microbiota but during host immunosuppression or alterations in oral microbiota, is the most frequently implicated organism in this condition. It is a fungal infection caused by Candida spp.

If the conditions within the mouth alter in a way that promotes the growth of Candida albicans, the organism may proliferate and result in an infection. Additional variables that may contribute to this oral infection include dentures, diabetes, cancer, mucosal disorders, and some pharmacological therapies. Although the fungus that causes candidiasis cannot be passed from person to person, it can be through an infected person's saliva. The symptoms, which include elevated patches in the mouth that bleed and become sore when scraped, as well as white or yellow spots in the mouth, especially on the tongue and inside of the cheeks, are usually simple to see. It is present in many healthy individuals and settles in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. The general consensus is that there are six recognized clinical manifestations of candidiasis: pseudomembranous, erythematous, denture-associated, hyperplastic, angular cheilitis, and median rhomboid glossitis. Patients with the condition typically exhibit a single distinct type, though occasionally a single patient may exhibit multiple clinical variants. Patients who visited the dentistry department's clinics at Hilla University College in Babylon, Iraq between October 2022 and April 2023 provided the data.

Pharmacological Insights into Trichodesma indicum: A Medicinally Valuable Herb

2024-10-09T10:47:48+00:00

Background: The present study was aimed to investigate the pharmacological properties of a medicinally significant herbal species, Trichodesma indicum. Phytochemical analysis of methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of T.indicum was explored.

Methodology: Antibacterial activity of these solvent extracts of T.indicum was determined against the test organisms (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp. and Proteus sp.) using well diffusion method. Anti-oxidant activity for three different standard concentrations (100, 200 and 300μg/ml) of T.indicum methanol extract was determined using DPPH, superoxide scavenging activity and nitric oxide scavenging activity assays. Wound healing efficacy of T.indicum methanol extract was investigated using standard in vitro wound scratch assay.

Results: Phytochemical analysis explored the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids in higher level for methanol extracts of T.indicum. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of T.indicum exhibited inhibitory zones ranging from 27 to 29mm against all the test bacteria; which was comparatively maximum than other solvent extracts. Hence methanol extract was used for anti-oxidant activity and wound healing studies. Anti-oxidant DPPH assays revealed IC50 value of 292.19µg/ml for T. indicum extract. Superoxide scavenging activity expressed IC50 value of 192.34µg/ml; and nitric oxide scavenging activity showed IC50 value of 224.64µg/ml respectively. The self-wound healing ability of T.indicum extracts showed positive cell migration and cell proliferation after 12 ^thand 24^th hours indicating the wound closure under in vitro conditions.

Conclusion & recommendation: The research showed promising results and evidenced pharmacological properties of the selected medicinally significant T.indicum. Further studies like anti-diabetic, antifungal and antiviral properties shall be considered based on the above results.

Biotin Supplementation Improved Reproductive Parameters Following Lead Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats

2024-09-25T10:30:40+00:00

Lead acetate, a prominent heavy metal, is released into the environment by various industries like paint, ceramics, lead-containing pipes, and plastics. Exposure to lead acetate has adverse effects on numerous organs in the body, with a particular impact on the testes due to its distinctive vascular system. The present study investigated the potential protective effects of biotin on lead acetate-induced testicular damage in Wistar rats. Twenty (20) male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control (animal feed daily with water); negative control (lead acetate 60 mg/kg); Positive control group( high-dose Biotin (80mg/kg) and the treatment group Lead acetate (60mg/kg)/high-dose Biotin (80mg/kg). After 28 days of administration, blood samples were collected for hormonal assay, and semen from the epididymis for semen profile. Testicular samples were also collected for histopathological studies. Results showed that lead acetate administration significantly decreased the sperm count, motility, viability, and altered histology of the testis (testicular damage, necrosis of seminiferous tubules, and loss of spermatid) compared to the negative control. However, the treatment group showed significantly improved histology of the testis, and increased sperm count, motility, and viability. From the results of this study, it could be concluded that biotin supplementation could provide a promising ameliorative effect against lead acetate-induced testicular toxicity.

Effects of Functionalized Carbon Nanotube on Cellular Homeostasis of Murine Hepatocytes

2024-10-04T16:44:57+00:00

Nanotechnology in medicine represents a revolution offering significant advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. This technology enables the development of devices and materials at the nanometer scale, allowing precise interactions with biological systems at the molecular and cellular levels. Among various nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) stand out due to their unique physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Due to their high strength, electrical and thermal conductivity and large surface area, CNTs have a wide range of applications. In healthcare they are explored for drug delivery and imaging diagnostics. CNTs can be functionalized to target drugs directly to diseased cells, minimizing side effects and enhancing treatment efficacy, additionally can be used in biosensors for early disease detection and in tissue engineering to cellular regeneration. The present study evaluated the effects of OCNT-TEPA, a multi-walled carbon nanotube functionalized, in murine hepatocytes AML-12. Cells were exposed to different concentrations of the sample for 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cellular metabolism tests, cellular morphology by optical microscopy, synthesis of reactive oxygen species, changes in membrane potential and IL-6 cytokine secretion were performed. The results show that OCNT-TEPA altered the homeostasis of hepatocytes, as cellular metabolism decreased, cellular morphology was altered, the membrane experienced changes in its electrical potential, oxidative stress increased and inflammatory signaling molecules were synthesized. This alteration is dose-dependent, which may be harmful to hepatocytes at high concentrations but could be applied to the body at lower concentrations without causing harm.

Factor Associated with Nutritional Status Among Children Aged 6 – 59 Months in Colol Public Health Center: A Cross-Sectional Study

2024-10-10T14:18:08+00:00

Objective: Malnutrition is one of the main factors influencing growth and development in children. Undernourishment still became a significant public health issue, including in Indonesia. This study aims to assess the prevalence and risk factors of nutritional status among children aged 6-59 months in Colol Public Health Center, East Manggarai Regency, and Indonesia.

Material and Methods: A cross-sectional observational community-based study was conducted in the working area of Colol Public Health Center in August 2023. This study included 138 parents and children aged 6 to 59 months who visited Posyandu, chosen by a simple random cluster sampling technique. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire, secondary data from the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) book, and anthropometrical measurements. Three anthropometric indicators (underweight, stunted, and wasted) were assessed according to the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards and analyzed by SPSS 25.0. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with children’s nutritional status. The statistical significance was stated at p-value <0.05 with 95% confidence intervals.

Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunted, and wasted among children aged 6-59 months was 18.8%, 22.4%, and 6.5%, respectively. The multivariable logistic regression model showed that low birth weight increased the risk of underweight (AOR = 13.73 (95% CI: 2.40-78.63)), stunted (AOR = 30.55 (95% CI: 3.16-295.09)), and wasted (AOR = 12.16, 95% (CI: 2.02-73.37)) among children aged 6-59 months. Children with mothers aged <20 or > 35 years old increased odds for underweight (AOR 2.99 (95% CI: 1.13-7.94)). Meanwhile, children aged 24-59 years old were more likely stunted (AOR 4.89 (95% CI: 1.89-12.64)).

Conclusion: Undernutrition still becomes a public health problem among children aged under 5 years old in the working area of Colol Public Health Center, East Manggarai Regency. Low birth weight, age of the mother <20 or > 35 years old, and age of the children 24-59 years are significantly associated with nutritional status. The primary health center should cooperate with stakeholders across sectors, especially promoting programs to prevent low birth weight

Efficacy and Safety of MUC1 Antigen-Specific Vaccine as a Breakthrough Solution in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

2024-10-12T03:17:53+00:00

Introduction: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of death for cancer patients globally. Most of the patients are diagnosed in advanced stage that can only receive conventional chemotherapy with low overall survival and low progression-free survival outcomes. With the advancement of technology, researchers have discovered that antigen-specific vaccine could be utilized to fight tumor cells. MUC1 antigen-specific vaccine is a novel solution that has been proved to be specific and accurate against NSCLC. In this study, we would like to present current best evidences regarding the efficacy and safety of MUC1 antigen specific vaccine in battling NSCLC.

Methods: Literature search was conducted on databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Science Direct, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar up to August 27th 2022. Our inclusion criteria include randomized controlled trials in patients with advanced stage NSCLC, given MUC1 antigen-specific vaccine as treatment, compared to placebo as control group, and measured the efficacy in terms of overall survival and progression-free survival, quality of life, and adverse events.

Results and discussion: Six randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Overall, longer overall survival and progression-free survival is observed in all studies. However, significance differed from study to study. This could be attributed to different patient characteristics and chemotherapy regimens used. MUC1 antigen-specific vaccine is more effective in patients who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy, high sMUC1 and ANA level, and non-squamous tumor type. Minimum adverse events were reported and incidence is similar with the control group. No negative impact on quality of life was observed.

Conclusion: MUC1 vaccine showed a promising impact on improving patients’ overall survival and progression-free survival while ensuring patient’s safety. However, further studies with larger sample size are recommended on more specific populations, for instance, patients with concurrent chemotherapy.

Inhibition of Citronella Essential Oil (Cymbopogon Nardus) Bengkulu on Bacterial Growth after Endodontic Treatment

2024-10-02T09:56:50+00:00

Background: Root canal treatment aims to address pulpal infection and prevent reinfection, which is often caused by bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus) from Bengkulu, containing antibacterial compounds, has potential to inhibit the growth of these bacteria.

Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of citronella essential oil against E. faecalis and S. aureus.

Materials and Methods: The method used was the disc diffusion technique with 20 samples each of E. faecalis and S. aureus in BHI media. Citronella essential oil was tested at concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100%, with 2% CHX as the positive control. The inhibition zones were measured after 24 hours.

Results: The highest inhibition for E. faecalis was found at 100% concentration (2.56 mm), while for S. aureus, it was at 50% concentration (1.67 mm). Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed at all concentrations of citronella essential oil for both bacteria.

Conclusion: Citronella essential oil from Bengkulu exhibited weak antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and S. aureus. Its potential as an alternative for root canal treatment requires further development.

Determinants of Delayed Menstrual Period among Students of Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State

2024-10-15T11:06:27+00:00

Menstrual period is a normal and significant process that every female who have attained the age of puberty must experience in life and it is a monthly process. However, delayed in having this normal process every monthly is a concern. Several factors may be responsible for delayed menstrual period experienced by females. This research states to examine the Determinants of Delayed Menstrual Period among Students of Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State. Sample size for the study was 250 and participant were randomly selected and the questionnaire were issued to the participants to fill and return it to the researcher. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 26 and P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results from the study revealed that some of the determinants that are precursors of delayed menstrual period observed were unprotected sex, use of contraceptives, alcohol consumption, use of public toilet, unwanted pregnancy, vaginal discharge, abortion, stress and infection. Also, 98.8% of the responders have started dating and 78.00%) respondents agreed that they have been involved in intermittent sex without protection. The findings revealed that 98.4% of the participants have used contraceptives for more 5 years. However, 62.8% of the responders affirmed that they experienced milky discharge from their breast and 69.2% have done abortion. The study shows that 68.4% of the respondents used public toilet and 62.4% respondents experienced vaginal discharge. Furthermore, 65.20%) of responders have been pregnant without knowing. Results also shows that 73.2% of the respondents have conducted hormonal profile and 64.4% of respondents have hormonal imbalance while 94.4% of the participants consumed alcohol.

Late Phase Testicular Torsion in Pre-Geriatic Age: A Case Report

2024-10-01T08:44:37+00:00

Background: Testicular torsion is a urological emergency caused by a twist of spermatic cord, which result in testicular tissue ischemia and requiring immediate surgery. The incidence occurred generally in children and adolescents, rarely found in adults. Severe Scrotal pain is the most common manifestation of testicular torsion. The definitive treatment for testicular torsion is surgery, either one of orchidopexy or orchidectomy. The prognosis of testicular torsion depends on the onset of symptoms and the decision time for surgery.

Case Report: A 52-year-old man presented to emergency department with a history of gradual severe right-sided scrotal pain (visual analogue scale 8) radiated to the right groin in the last 3 day before admission. Previously, the patient's genitals were hit by the table. On physical examination, the testicles were found to be asymmetrical, swollen, redness, tenderness, and the testicle felt hard and immobilized, either the cremaster reflex or the Phren sign test were negative. The TWIST score was 6 (high risk for testicular torsion). Orchidopexy and orchidectomy were performed immediately without Scrotal Doppler Ultrasonography due to operational problems. Histopathology examination of the orchidectomy specimen impression showed an inflammation sign with exudative fluid presentation.

Conclusion: Gradual Severe scrotal pain manifestations should be suspected as testicular torsion as soon as possible before it evolves into later phase. One of the causes of late phase testicular torsion is late admission to Hospital. Surgical emergency action should be taken considering theemergency state without waiting for ideal sonography.

The Influence of Parenting Styles on the Early Childhood Development at Tkk Kasih Mulia Cimahi

2024-10-18T13:41:21+00:00

Early childhood development is a crucial period in the formation of a child's physical, cognitive, and emotional growth. Parental upbringing plays a significant role in supporting a child's development during this phase.** This study aims to analyze the influence of parenting styles on the early childhood development at Taman Kanak-Kanak (TKK) Kasih Mulia Cimahi. The background of this research is based on the fact that many parents do not fully understand how the parenting styles they adopt affect their child's development, especially during the early years, which are critical for the growth of various aspects of a child's development. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between different types of parenting styles—authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful—and their effects on the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development of children. A quantitative method with a survey approach was employed for this research. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 50 parents whose children attend TKK Kasih Mulia Cimahi, along with direct observation of the children's development. The data analysis technique used was regression analysis to determine the influence of parenting styles on various aspects of child development. The results showed that the authoritative parenting style had the most positive impact on all aspects of child development, particularly in social and cognitive growth. Conversely, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles tended to have negative effects, especially in the emotional and social development of the children. Neglectful parenting had the most detrimental effect on the physical and emotional development of the children. The conclusion of this study is that parental upbringing significantly influences early childhood development. Parents who adopt an authoritative parenting style are more likely to have children who grow and develop optimally. The recommendation is for parents to better understand the importance of applying balanced parenting, such as the authoritative style, which can holistically support a child's development. Additionally, schools are encouraged to provide education to parents on the importance of parenting in supporting early childhood development.

Determination of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) Value of Lotion Preparation of Ethanol Extract of Akway Bark (Drymis Piperita Hook F.) of West Papua

2024-10-23T10:59:21+00:00

Akway bark (Drymis piperita Hook f.) has antioxidant activity. It contains secondary metabolite compounds, one of which is flovonid so that it can be utilized as protection against UV rays and developed into pharmaceutical preparations, namely lotions. The aim of the study was to test the physical stability and determine the SPF value of lotion preparations of ethanol extract of akway bark analyzed in vitro. The test includes the determination of SPF value by UV-vis spectrophotometry method. The absorbance was measured at the wavelength of UV B light (290-320 nm) with an interval of 5 nm; the Mansur formula calculated the results obtained. The test results showed that The results of the stability test showed that the lotion preparation of akway bark extract was stable in organoleptic testing, elution type test, homogeneity test, the stickiness test, spreadability test, pH test, protective power test and the SPF value of lotions with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% obtained an average SPF value of 5.20 ± 0.00 in the medium protection category that protected the skin for 52 minutes; 11.52 ± 0.00 maximum protection that protected the skin for 115 minutes; and 5.20 ± 0.00 in the maximum protection category that protected the skin for 115 minutes. 16.00 ± 0.03 ultra protection will protect the skin for 160 minutes from UV B exposure. Thus, it can be concluded that the variation in concentration of akway bark extract affects the SPF value and can potentially be a sunscreen with moderate to ultra protection category.

Antibacterial Effectiveness Test of South Kalimantan Bajakah Wood Extract against the Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus Atcc 25923

2024-10-16T13:58:20+00:00

Introduction: Root canal treatment is a treatment that removes necrotic pulp tissue, biofilm and debris from the root canal system so that it can trigger the formation of healthy periapical tissue. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the important resistant microorganisms that is often isolated from root canal treatment. Bajakah wood (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) is known to contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins and polyphenols.

Material and Methods: This research uses the well method. The number of samples was 20 samples with Bajakah wood extract as the test material. This research uses a posttest only control group design.

Results and Discussions: Data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the treatment groups.

Conclusion: There is no resistance to South Kalimantan Bajakah wood extract in concentrations of 50%, 75%, 100% against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which means there is no antibacterial activity.