Comprehensive Medicine Approach Towards Cancer Sufferers and Survivors: A Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in cancer diagnosis, prevention, and care, cancer is still expected to be the biggest cause of mortality worldwide. Cancer prevalence and fatality rates are both increasing. There are numerous cancer treatment options. The type of cancer and its stage determine the sort of treatment required. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation are examples of traditional therapeutic procedures. At the same time, significant advances have been made recently, including stem cell therapy, targeted therapy, natural antioxidants, radionics, chemodynamic therapy, and ferroptosis-based therapy. Most patients have a combined approach- surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Current methods in oncology focus on developing safe cancer nanomedicines. To obtain novel diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives, stem cell treatment has demonstrated potential success. Cancer cell spread can be slowed by targeted treatment, which protects healthy cells from harm. The long-term cancer survivors suffered in terms of body image concerns, emotional and social, and spiritual/ philosophical issues leading to poor quality of life in these patients. The positive attribute of complementary medicine and alternative therapies is that they enable patients to help themselves while undergoing cancer treatment and afterward. This review explores recent comprehensive approaches for cancer and associated effects leading to psychological issues.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A. et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49.
II. Kifle ZD, Tadele M, Alemu E, Gedamu T, Ayele AG. Recent development of new therapeutic agents and novel drug targets for cancer treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2021;9:20503121211067083.
III. Pourquier P. [Alkylating agents] Bull Cancer. 2011;98:1237–51.
IV. de la Torre BG, Albericio F. The Pharmaceutical Industry in 2022: An Analysis of FDA Drug Approvals from the Perspective of Molecules. Molecules. 2023. 28.
V. Berdigaliyev N, Aljofan M. An overview of drug discovery and development. Future Med Chem. 2020;12:939–47.
VI. Eder J, Herrling PL. Trends in Modern Drug Discovery. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2016;232:3–22.
VII. Assaraf YG, Brozovic A, Gonçalves AC, Jurkovicova D, Linē A, Machuqueiro M, Saponara S, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Xavier CPR, Vasconcelos MH. The multi-factorial nature of clinical multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat. 2019 Sep;46:100645.
VIII. Li YJ, Lei YH, Yao N, Wang CR, Hu N, Ye WC, Zhang DM, Chen ZS. Autophagy and multidrug resistance in cancer. Chin J Cancer. 2017 Jun 24;36(1):52.
IX. Kifle ZD, Tadele M, Alemu E, Gedamu T, Ayele AG. Recent development of new therapeutic agents and novel drug targets for cancer treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2021 Dec 23;9:20503121211067083.
X. Abbas Z, Rehman S. An overview of cancer treatment modalities. Neoplasm 2018; 1: 139–157.
XI. El-Hussein A, Manoto SL, Ombinda-Lemboumba S, et al. A review of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy for lung cancer treatment. Anti-cancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21(2): 149–161.
XII. Ghanghoria R, Kesharwani P, Tekade RK, et al. Targeting luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: a potential therapeutics to treat gynecological and other cancers. J Control Release 2018; 269: 277–301.
XIII. Debela DT, Muzazu SG, Heraro KD, Ndalama MT, Mesele BW, Haile DC, Kitui SK, Manyazewal T. New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives. SAGE Open Med. 2021 Aug 12;9:20503121211034366.
XIV. Dare AJ, Anderson BO, Sullivan R, Pramesh CS, Andre I, Adewole IF, et al. Surgical Services for Cancer Care. In: Gelband H, Jha P, Sankaranarayanan R, Horton S, editors. Cancer: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 3) [Internet]. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2015 [cited 2023 Jul 31]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343623/
XV. Goss PE, Strasser-Weippl K, Lee-Bychkovsky BL, Fan L, Li J, Chavarri-Guerra Y. et al. Challenges to effective cancer control in China, India, and Russia. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Apr;15(5):489-538.
XVI. Purushotham AD, Lewison G, Sullivan R. The state of research and development in global cancer surgery. Ann Surg. 2012 Mar;255(3):427-32.
XVII. Bae JY, Groen RS, Kushner AL. Surgery as a public health intervention: common misconceptions versus the truth. Bull World Health Organ. 2011 Jun 1;89(6):394.
XVIII. Farmer PE, Kim JY. Surgery and global health: a view from beyond the OR. World J Surg. 2008 Apr;32(4):533-6.
XIX. Funk LM, Weiser TG, Berry WR, Lipsitz SR, Merry AF, Enright AC, Wilson IH, Dziekan G, Gawande AA. Global operating theatre distribution and pulse oximetry supply: an estimation from reported data. Lancet. 2010 Sep 25;376(9746):1055-61.
XX. Cancer Chemotherapy - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564367/
XXI. DeVita VT, Chu E. A history of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 01;68(21):8643-53.
XXII. Baserga R. The cell cycle. N Engl J Med. 1981 Feb 19;304(8):453-9.
XXIII. PINKEL D. Actinomycin D in childhood cancer; a preliminary report. Pediatrics. 1959 Feb;23(2):342-7.
XXIV. Farber S, Diamond LK. Temporary remissions in acute leukemia in children produced by folic acid antagonist, 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid. N Engl J Med. 1948 Jun 3;238(23):787-93.
XXV. Elion GB, Singer S, Hitchings GH. Antagonists of nucleic acid derivatives. VIII. Synergism in combinations of biochemically related antimetabolites. J Biol Chem. 1954 Jun;208(2):477-88.
XXVI. McLaughlin P, Grillo-López AJ, Link BK, Levy R, Czuczman MS, Williams ME, et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Aug;16(8):2825-33.
XXVII. Chidharla A, Parsi M, Kasi A. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): May 8, 2022. Cetuximab.
XXVIII. Chemotherapeutic agent - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 3]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/chemotherapeutic-agent
XXIX. Colvin M. Alkylating Agents. In: Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 6th edition [Internet]. BC Decker; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 3]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK12772/
XXX. Schirrmacher V. From chemotherapy to biological therapy: A review of novel concepts to reduce the side effects of systemic cancer treatment (Review). Int J Oncol. 2019 Feb;54(2):407-419.
XXXI. Seeber S, Schütte J, editors. Therapiekonzepte Onkologie. Springer-Verlag; Berlin, Heidelberg: 1993.
XXXII. Brachytherapy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/brachytherapy
XXXIII. External Beam Radiotherapy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 31]. Available from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/external-beam-radiotherapy
XXXIV. Gerbaulet A, Potter R, Mazeron JJ, Meertens H, Van € Limbergen E. The GEC ESTRO handbook of Brachytherapy. Brussels: ESTRO; 2002. Available at: http://books.google.at/ books?id¼qALMHAAACAAJ.
XXXV. Abbas KA, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 6th Edition. Saunders Elsevier; Oxford: 2010. p. 261.
XXXVI. Immunotherapy for Cancer - NCI [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 Aug 1]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy
XXXVII. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012 Mar 22;12(4):252-64.
XXXVIII. Park TS, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Treating cancer with genetically engineered T cells. Trends Biotechnol. 2011 Nov;29(11):550-7.
XXXIX. Zahavi D, Weiner L. Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel). 2020 Jul 20;9(3):34.
XL. Liu J, Fu M, Wang M, Wan D, Wei Y, Wei X. Cancer vaccines as promising immuno-therapeutics: platforms and current progress. J Hematol Oncol. 2022 Mar 18;15(1):28.
XLI. Waldman AD, Fritz JM, Lenardo MJ. A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Nov;20(11):651–68.
XLII. Delacher M, Imbusch CD, Weichenhan D, Breiling A, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Träger U, Hofer AC, Kägebein D, Wang Q, Frauhammer F, et al. Genome-wide DNA-methylation landscape defines specialization of regulatory T cells in tissues. Nat Immunol. 2017;18:1160–1172.
XLIII. Mitra S, Lami MS, Ghosh A, Das R, Tallei TE, Fatimawali, Islam F, Dhama K, Begum MY, Aldahish A, Chidambaram K, Emran TB. Hormonal Therapy for Gynecological Cancers: How Far Has Science Progressed toward Clinical Applications? Cancers (Basel). 2022 Feb 1;14(3):759.
XLIV. Nazarali SA, Narod SA. Tamoxifen for women at high risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 2014 Feb 17;6:29-36.
XLV. Chumsri S, Howes T, Bao T, Sabnis G, Brodie A. Aromatase, aromatase inhibitors, and breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011 May;125(1-2):13-22.
XLVI. Tolkach Y, Joniau S, Van Poppel H. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) receptor agonists vs antagonists: a matter of the receptors? BJU Int. 2013 Jun;111(7):1021-30.
XLVII. Osborne CK, Wakeling A, Nicholson RI. Fulvestrant: an oestrogen receptor antagonist with a novel mechanism of action. Br J Cancer. 2004 Mar;90 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S2-6.
XLVIII. Msaouel P, Diamanti E, Tzanela M, Koutsilieris M. Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonists in prostate cancer therapy. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2007 May;12(2):285-99.
XLIX. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012–. Anti-androgens. 2014 Jun 10.
L. Shore ND. Experience with degarelix in the treatment of prostate cancer. Ther Adv Urol. 2013 Feb;5(1):11-24.
LI. Cattrini C, Caffo O, De Giorgi U, Mennitto A, Gennari A, Olmos D, Castro E. Apalutamide, Darolutamide and Enzalutamide for Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (nmCRPC): A Critical Review. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Mar 31;14(7):1792.
LII. Cooper GM. The Development and Causes of Cancer. In: The Cell: A Molecular Approach 2nd edition [Internet]. Sinauer Associates; 2000 [cited 2023 Aug 3]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9963/
LIII. Lopes-Coelho F, Martins F, Pereira SA, Serpa J. Anti-Angiogenic Therapy: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 5;22(7):3765.
LIV. Zahavi D, Weiner L. Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel). 2020 Jul 20;9(3):34.
LV. Wong RS. Apoptosis in cancer: from pathogenesis to treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Sep 26;30(1):87.
LVI. Chan HK, Ismail S. (2014). Side effects of chemotherapy among cancer patients in a Malaysian General Hospital: experiences, perceptions and informational needs from clinical pharmacists. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15(13):5305–9.
LVII. Wochna Loerzel V. (2015). Symptom Experience in Older Adults Undergoing Treatment for Cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum, 42(3): E269–78. [
LVIII. Russo S, Cinausero M, Gerratana L, et al. (2014). Factors affecting patient's perception of anti-cancer treatments side-effects: an observational study. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 13(2): 139–50. [
LIX. Meirow D, Nugent D (2001). The effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on female reproduction. Hum Reprod Update, 7, 535-43.
LX. Arslan FT, Basbakkal Z, Kantar M (2013). Quality of life and chemotherapy-related symptoms of Turkish cancer children undergoing chemotherapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 1761-8.
LXI. Partridge AH, Burstein HJ, Winer EP (2001). Side effects of chemotherapy and combined chemohormonal therapy in women with early-stage breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 30, 135-42.
LXII. Ismail F, Mohamed AK, Lim KH (2011). Systemic Therapy of Cancer, 3rd edition. The Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur pp 75-8.
LXIII. Spoelstra SL, Given CW, Sikorskii A, Majumder A, Schueller M, Given BA. Treatment with oral anti-cancer agents: symptom severity and attribution, and interference with comorbidity management. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2015 Jan;42(1):80-8.
LXIV. Lin Y, Docherty SL, Porter LS, Bailey DE. Common and Co-Occurring Symptoms Experienced by Patients With Gastric Cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020 Mar 1;47(2):187-202.
LXV. Parthipan M, Feng G, Toledano N, Donison V, Breunis H, Sudharshan A, Emmenegger U, Finelli A, Warde P, Soto-Perez-de-Celis E, Krzyzanowska M, Matthew A, Clarke H, Mina DS, Alibhai SMH, Puts M. Symptom experiences of older adults during treatment for metastatic prostate cancer: A qualitative investigation. J Geriatr Oncol. 2023 Jan;14(1):101397.
LXVI. Carelle N, Piotto E, Bellanger A, et al. (2002). Changing patient perceptions of the side effects of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer, 95, 155-63.
LXVII. Kayl AE, Meyers CA (2006). Side-effects of chemotherapy and quality of life in ovarian and breast cancer patients. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 18, 24-8.
LXVIII. Schuell B, Gruenberger T, Kornek GV, Dworan N, Depisch D, Lang F, Schneeweiss B, Scheithauer W. Side effects during chemotherapy predict tumour response in advanced colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2005 Oct 3;93(7):744-8.
LXIX. Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Davudian S, Shirjang S, Baradaran B. The Different Mechanisms of Cancer Drug Resistance: A Brief Review. Adv Pharm Bull. 2017 Sep;7(3):339-348.
LXX. Dallavalle S, Dobričić V, Lazzarato L, Gazzano E, Machuqueiro M, Pajeva I, Tsakovska I, Zidar N, Fruttero R. Improvement of conventional anti-cancer drugs as new tools against multidrug resistant tumors. Drug Resist Updat. 2020 May;50:100682.
LXXI. Assaraf YG, Brozovic A, Gonçalves AC, Jurkovicova D, Linē A, Machuqueiro M, Saponara S, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Xavier CPR, Vasconcelos MH. The multi-factorial nature of clinical multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat. 2019 Sep;46:100645.
LXXII. Li YJ, Lei YH, Yao N, Wang CR, Hu N, Ye WC, Zhang DM, Chen ZS. Autophagy and multidrug resistance in cancer. Chin J Cancer. 2017 Jun 24;36(1):52.
LXXIII. Singh P, Chaturvedi A. Complementary and alternative medicine in cancer pain management: a systematic review. Indian J Palliat Care. 2015 Jan-Apr;21(1):105-15.
LXXIV. Satija A, Bhatnagar S. Complementary Therapies for Symptom Management in Cancer Patients. Indian J Palliat Care. 2017 Oct-Dec;23(4):468-479.
LXXV. Ng JY, Dhawan T, Fajardo RG, Masood HA, Sunderji S, Wieland LS, et al. The Brief History of Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Medicine Terminology and the Development and Creation of an Operational Definition. Integrative Medicine Research. 2023 Jul;100978
LXXVI. Tabish SA. Complementary and Alternative Healthcare: Is it Evidence-based? Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2008 Jan;2(1):V-IX.
LXXVII. Tokumoto J, Abrams DI. CHAPTER 47 - Complementary and Alternative Medicine. In: Volberding PA, Sande MA, Greene WC, Lange JMA, Gallant JE, Walsh CC, editors. Global HIV/AIDS Medicine [Internet]. Edinburgh: W.B. Saunders; 2008 [cited 2023 Aug 3]. p. 547–53. Available from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416028826500514
LXXVIII. Gerik S, Maypole J. Chapter 10 - Overview of Biologically Based Therapies in Rehabilitation. In: Deutsch JE, Anderson EZ, editors. Complementary Therapies for Physical Therapy [Internet]. Saint Louis: W.B. Saunders; 2008 [cited 2023 Aug 3]. p. 156–75. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780721601113500166
LXXIX. Vickers A, Zollman C, Reinish JT. Massage therapies. West J Med. 2001 Sep;175(3):202–4.
LXXX. Calcagni N, Gana K, Quintard B. A systematic review of complementary and alternative medicine in oncology: Psychological and physical effects of manipulative and body-based practices. PLoS One. 2019 Oct 17;14(10):e0223564.
LXXXI. Agdal R, von B Hjelmborg J, Johannessen H. Energy healing for cancer: a critical review. Forsch Komplementmed. 2011;18(3):146-54.
LXXXII. McManus DE. Reiki Is Better Than Placebo and Has Broad Potential as a Complementary Health Therapy. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Oct;22(4):1051-1057.
LXXXIII. O'Mathúna DP. WITHDRAWN: Therapeutic touch for healing acute wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 1;9(9):CD002766.
LXXXIV. Ge L, Wang Q, He Y, Wu D, Zhou Q, Xu N, Yang K, Chen Y, Zhang AL, Hua H, Huang J, Hui KK, Liang F, Wang L, Xu B, Yang Y, Zhang W, Zhao B, Zhu B, Guo X, Xue CC, Zhang H; International Trustworthy traditional Chinese Medicine Recommendations (TCM Recs) Working Group. Acupuncture for cancer pain: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Chin Med. 2022 Jan 5;17(1):8.
LXXXV. Marsden E, Nigh G, Birdsall S, Wright H, Traub M. Oncology Association of Naturopathic Physicians: Principles of Care Guidelines. Curr Oncol. 2019 Feb;26(1):12-18.