Comparative Efficacy of Madrid Plant Extracts in Controlling Red Flour Beetle Populations: A Laboratory Evaluation of Alcohol and Aqueous Solutions
Main Article Content
Abstract
The efficiency of the alcohol and aqueous excerpt from the Madrid plant in killing ratios of colour red cover beetle larvae and adults afterwards behaviours lasting 24, 48, and 72 hours was valued in laboratory research. Three dissimilar Madrid plant absorptions (1.50 per cent, 3.0%, and 4.59 per cent) were selected to stop the beetle's larvae and adults. The outcomes displayed that the Madrid plant excerpt formed notable degrees. Following 72 hours, the watery excerpt's adult expiry rate was 33.0%, while the alcohol excerpt was 60.0% at 3.0% absorption. After 72 hours, the alcohol excerpt is concentrated larval expiry rate was 71.0% at 3.0% absorption; whereas the watery excerpt's extreme rate was 66.0%. After it derives the phenomena of attraction and repulsion, the paper initiates that the Madrid excerpt in the watery form displayed the maximum level of pull, reaching 9.30% at the absorption of 3.0% after 72 hours, while the repulsion rate was 15.550% at the similar absorption and time. Following 48 hours, the alcohol excerpt of Madrid showed a pull rate of 12.550% at 1.50% concentration. Additionally, following 72 hours, a revulsion rate of 19.80% at 3.0% concentration was realized in adult beetles. The extreme pull rate of the watery excerpt for larvae was 0.00% at all absorptions, and after 72 hours, a comparable revulsion rate of 10.950% was realized at a 4.50% concentration. Also, after 72 hours, the alcohol excerpt displayed a revulsion rate of 19.150% at 3.0% absorption and a pull rate of 0.00% at all concentrations.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Abbas, Sahla K. (1998). "Study of the Effect of Four Herbal Plants on the Red Rusty Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)", Master's thesis, College of Education for Girls, University of Tikrit, p. 73.
II. Abdullahi, G.; Muhamad, R. and Sule, H. (2019). Biology, host range and management of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): A REVIEW. J. Agric. Res. 7(1): 48-64.
III. Ahmad, M., Khan, M. P. Z., Mukhtar, A., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., & Jahan, S. (2016). Ethnopharmacological survey on medicinal plants used in herbal drinks among the traditional communities of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 184, 154-186.
IV. Al-Hadidi, I. A. M. (1989). "The Combined Effect of Temperature and Moisture Content of Wheat on the Viability of Three Types of Storage Insects Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.), Tribolium confusum Duval. (Coleoptera): Tenebrionidae, Oryzaephilus surinamensis. (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)", Master's thesis, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Republic of Iraq.
V. Alipour, G., Dashti, S., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2014). Review of pharmacological effects of Myrtus communis L. and its active constituents. Phytotherapy Research, 28(8), 1125-1136.
VI. Al-Naaman, Adiba Y. Sharif Hamo (1998). "The Molecular Effect of Some Plant Extracts on the Growth and Metabolism of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria", Ph.D. thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq, p. 77.
VII. Al-Rawi, Nawfal N. R., Awad Shaaban Dawood, B. M. M. (2013). "Effect of Some Wheat Varieties and Their Conditions on the Development Rate of the Red Rusty Flour Beetle Troguderma granarium (Everts) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) and the Food Preference Under Laboratory Conditions", Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, Volume 18, Issue 4, pp. 1–7.
VIII. Al-Snafi A. E. (2016). The chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Convolvulus arvensis and Convolvulus scammonia- A review. J. Pharm. 6(6): 64-75.
IX. Annon, M. R. (1982). "The Effect of Competition between Confused Flour Beetle and Rusty Flour Beetle Tribolium confusum (Duval) & Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on Their Population Growth under Different Environmental (Laboratory) Conditions", Master's thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Republic of Iraq.
X. Arora M and Malhotra M.(2011) . A review of macroscopical, phytochemical and biological studies on Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed). Pharmacologyonline; 3: 1296-1305.
XI. Austin DF.( 2000) . Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis, Convolvulaceae) in North America from medicine to menace. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club; 127(2): 172–177.
XII. Busvine , J.R. (1971) . Acritical Review Of The Technique For Testing Insecticides. 2nd ed., Commonwealth Agricultural, Bureau. 345P.
XIII. Chakravarty H (1976). Plant wealth of Iraq (A dictionary of economic plants) 1. Botany Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. Baghdad. Iraq.
XIV. Elzaawely AA and Tawata S2012. Antioxidant activity of phenolic rich fraction obtained from Convolvulus arvensis L. leaves grown in Egypt. Asian Journal of Crop Science 4(1): 32-40.
XV. Faraz M, Kamalinejad M, Ghaderi N and Reza H2003. Phytochemical screening of some species of Iranian plants. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research; 77-82
XVI. Harborne, J. B. (1984). Methods of plant analysis. In Phytochemical methods (pp. 1–36). Springer, Dordrecht.
XVII. Kaur M and Kalia AN. Convolvulus arvensis- A useful weed. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2012; 4(1):38–40.
XVIII. Mehrafarin A, Meighani F, Baghestani MA, Labbafi MR and Mirhadi MJ.2009 . Investigating morphophysiological variation in field bindweed (Convolvulus et al.) populations of Karaj, Varamin, and Damavand in Iran. African Journal of Plant Science 3 (4): 64-73.
XIX. Mordue, A.J.; Simmonds, M.S.; Ley, S.V.; Blaney, W.M.; Mordue, W.; Nasiruddin, M.; Nisbet, A.J.1998. Actions of azadirachtin, a plant allelochemical, against insects. Pestic. Sci. 54, 277–284.
XX. Mukerji , D. and Sinha , R.N. , (1953) . Effect of food on the life history of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) ., J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 26 (3): 118-124.
XXI. Riose ,J.L.,Recio,M.C.and Villar , A.(1987) .Antimicrobial activity of selected Plants employed in the Spanish Mediterranean area. J.Ethanopharmacol. , vol.21,pp: 139-152.
XXII. Suleiman, Amal Kamal (2005), "Toxicity of Some Plant Extracts Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Melia azedarach L. and Nerium oleander L. on the Viability of the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) Tenebridae: Coleoptera)", Master's thesis, University of Tikrit, College of Education, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Republic of Iraq.
XXIII. Sun, H.; Fu, X.; Chen, X.; Shi, W.P2012. Toxicity and influences of the alkaloids from Cynanchum mongolicum A.L. Iljinski (Asclepiadaceae) on growth and cuticle components of Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Noctuidae) larvae. Nat. Prod. Res. 26, 903–912.
XXIV. Supavarn, P., Knapp, F. W., & Sigafus, R. (1974). Biologically active plant extracts for control of mosquito larvae. Mosquito News, 34(4), 398-402.
XXV. Younis, A. H. A., Mahfouz Abdul Qader Mohammed, & Zaki Abdul Yass (1987). "The Nutritional Value of Wheat Grains", Ministry of Higher Education, University of Mosul, Dar Al-Kutub Printing and Publishing House, University of Mosul, Iraq-Mosul, p. 77.
XXVI. Zhen, C.A.; Guo, Y.Y.; Zhang, X.C.; Miao, J.; Shi, W.P. (2013). Optimization of conditions for extracting pesticidal alkaloids from Cynanchum mongolicum (Maxim.). Nat. Prod. Res. 27: 23–27.