Causes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (All), Diagnosis and Treatment

Main Article Content

Dr. Ali Mohammadimoshganbar
Gholamreza Mostafavi
Amin Hoorandghadim

Abstract

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a malignancy of the blood and bone marrow affecting both adults and children. Despite significant advancements in the treatment of ALL, its etiology remains multifactorial and complex. This scientific article aims to comprehensively explore the current understanding of the causes of ALL, integrating genetic, environmental, and other potential risk factors with the intent to enhance future research, exploring methods of diagnosis and treatment, and ultimately improve preventative measures and therapeutic strategies.


Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Although dramatic progress has been made in treating this disease, its etiology challenges scientists and clinicians alike. A better understanding of the underpinning causes of ALL is imperative to develop tailored interventions and preventive strategies. The etiology of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia remains a complex puzzle, tightly intertwined with a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While significant progress has been made in identifying key genetic alterations and environmental exposures associated with ALL, further research is essential to understand the intricate interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental triggers. Improved understanding of the causes of ALL will aid in developing effective preventive strategies, targeted therapies, and personalized treatment approaches, ultimately reducing the burden of this devastating disease.

Article Details

How to Cite
Dr. Ali Mohammadimoshganbar, Gholamreza Mostafavi, & Amin Hoorandghadim. (2023). Causes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (All), Diagnosis and Treatment. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Bio Medical Science, 3(11), 587–594. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijpbms/v3-i11-02
Section
Articles

References

I. Mullighan CG, Su X, Zhang J, Radtke I, Phillips LA, Miller CB, Ma J, Liu W, Cheng C, Schulman BA, Harvey RC. Deletion of IKZF1 and prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009 Jan 29;360(5):470-80.

II. Vairy S, Tran TH. IKZF1 alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The good, the bad and the ugly. Blood Reviews. 2020 Nov 1;44:100677.

III. Marke R, van Leeuwen FN, Scheijen B. The many faces of IKZF1 in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. haematologica. 2018 Apr;103(4):565.

IV. Wang P, Deng Y, Yan X, Zhu J, Yin Y, Shu Y, Bai D, Zhang S, Xu H, Lu X. The role of ARID5B in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and beyond. Frontiers in Genetics. 2020 Jun 12;11:598.

V. Xu H, Cheng C, Devidas M, Pei D, Fan Y, Yang W, Neale G, Scheet P, Burchard EG, Torgerson DG, Eng C. ARID5B genetic polymorphisms contribute to racial disparities in the incidence and treatment outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of clinical oncology. 2012 Mar 3;30(7):751.

VI. Gu Z, Churchman ML, Roberts KG, Moore I, Zhou X, Nakitandwe J, Hagiwara K, Pelletier S, Gingras S, Berns H, Payne-Turner D. PAX5-driven subtypes of B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nature genetics. 2019 Feb;51(2):296-307.

VII. Shah S, Schrader KA, Waanders E, Timms AE, Vijai J, Miething C, Wechsler J, Yang J, Hayes J, Klein RJ, Zhang J. A recurrent germline PAX5 mutation confers susceptibility to pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nature genetics. 2013 Oct;45(10):1226-31.

VIII. Fujita TC, Sousa-Pereira N, Amarante MK, Watanabe MA. Acute lymphoid leukemia etiopathogenesis. Molecular Biology Reports. 2021 Jan;48:817-22.

IX. Perentesis JP. Why is age such an important independent prognostic factor in acute lymphoblastic leukemia?. Leukemia (08876924). 1997 May 2;11.

X. Rafieemehr H, Calhor F, Esfahani H, Gholiabad SG. Risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results of a case-control study. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 2019;20(8):2477.

XI. Fujita TC, Sousa-Pereira N, Amarante MK, Watanabe MA. Acute lymphoid leukemia etiopathogenesis. Molecular Biology Reports. 2021 Jan;48:817-22.

XII. Churchman ML, Qian M, Te Kronnie G, Zhang R, Yang W, Zhang H, Lana T, Tedrick P, Baskin R, Verbist K, Peters JL. Germline genetic IKZF1 variation and predisposition to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer cell. 2018 May 14;33(5):937-48.

XIII. Mullighan CG, Collins-Underwood JR, Phillips LA, Loudin MG, Liu W, Zhang J, Ma J, Coustan-Smith E, Harvey RC, Willman CL, Mikhail FM. Rearrangement of CRLF2 in B-progenitor–and Down syndrome–associated acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nature genetics. 2009 Nov;41(11):1243-6.

XIV. Mrozek K, Harper DP, Aplan PD. Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology/Oncology Clinics. 2009 Oct 1;23(5):991-1010.

XV. Mancini M, Scappaticci D, Cimino G, Nanni M, Derme V, Elia L, Tafuri A, Vignetti M, Vitale A, Cuneo A, Castoldi G. A comprehensive genetic classification of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): analysis of the GIMEMA 0496 protocol. Blood. 2005 May 1;105(9):3434-41.

XVI. Ross ME, Zhou X, Song G, Shurtleff SA, Girtman K, Williams WK, Liu HC, Mahfouz R, Raimondi SC, Lenny N, Patel A. Classification of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia by gene expression profiling. Blood. 2003 Oct 15;102(8):2951-9.

XVII. Iacobucci I, Mullighan CG. Genetic basis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2017 Mar 3;35(9):975.

XVIII. Hofmann WK, de Vos S, Elashoff D, Gschaidmeier H, Hoelzer D, Koeffler HP, Ottmann OG. Relation between resistance of Philadelphia-chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 and gene-expression profiles: a gene-expression study. The Lancet. 2002 Feb 9;359(9305):481-6.

XIX. Paulsson K, Johansson B. High hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer. 2009 Aug;48(8):637-60.

XX. Safavi S, Olsson L, Biloglav A, Veerla S, Blendberg M, Tayebwa J, Behrendtz M, Castor A, Hansson M, Johansson B, Paulsson K. Genetic and epigenetic characterization of hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget. 2015 Dec 12;6(40):42793.

XXI. Stams WA, den Boer ML, Beverloo HB, Meijerink JP, van Wering ER, Janka-Schaub GE, Pieters R. Expression levels of TEL, AML1, and the fusion products TEL-AML1 and AML1-TEL versus drug sensitivity and clinical outcome in t (12; 21)-positive pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clinical cancer research. 2005 Apr 15;11(8):2974-80.

XXII. Woerden NL, Pieters R, Loonen AH, Hubeek I, van Drunen E, Beverloo HB, Slater RM, Harbott J, Seyfarth J, van Wering ER, Hählen K. TEL/AML1 gene fusion is related to in vitro drug sensitivity forl-asparaginase in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology. 2000 Aug 1;96(3):1094-9.

XXIII. Jansen MW, Corral L, Van der Velden VH, Panzer-Grümayer R, Schrappe M, Schrauder A, Marschalek R, Meyer C, Den Boer ML, Hop WJ, Valsecchi MG. Immunobiological diversity in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia is related to the occurrence and type of MLL gene rearrangement. Leukemia. 2007 Apr;21(4):633-41.

XXIV. Reddick WE, Glass JO, Helton KJ, Langston JW, Xiong X, Wu S, Pui CH. Prevalence of leukoencephalopathy in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with high-dose methotrexate. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2005 May 1;26(5):1263-9.

XXV. François G, Duclos P, Margolis H, Lavanchy D, Siegrist CA, Meheus A, Lambert PH, Emiroglu N, Badur S, Van Damme P. Vaccine safety controversies and the future of vaccination programs. The Pediatric infectious disease journal. 2005 Nov 1;24(11):953-61.

XXVI. van Tilburg CM, Sanders EA, Rovers MM, Wolfs TF, Bierings MB. Loss of antibodies and response to (re-) vaccination in children after treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia: a systematic review. Leukemia. 2006 Oct;20(10):1717-22.

XXVII. Brown RT, Madan-Swain A, Pais R, Lambert RG, Sexson S, Ragab A. Chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia: cognitive and academic sequelae. The Journal of pediatrics. 1992 Dec 1;121(6):885-9.

XXVIII. Sugita M, Yamazaki T, Alhomoud M, Martinet J, Latouche JB, Golden E, Boyer O, Van Besien K, Formenti SC, Galluzzi L, Guzman ML. Radiation therapy improves CAR T cell activity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Death & Disease. 2023 May 4;14(5):305.

XXIX. Merli P, Algeri M, Del Bufalo F, Locatelli F. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Current hematologic malignancy reports. 2019 Apr 15;14:94-105.

XXX. Dhédin N, Huynh A, Maury S, Tabrizi R, Beldjord K, Asnafi V, Thomas X, Chevallier P, Nguyen S, Coiteux V, Bourhis JH. Role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in adult patients with Ph-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology. 2015 Apr 16;125(16):2486-96.

XXXI. Portell CA, Advani AS. Novel targeted therapies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia & lymphoma. 2014 Apr 1;55(4):737-48.

XXXII. Gökbuget N, Kneba M, Raff T, Trautmann H, Bartram CR, Arnold R, Fietkau R, Freund M, Ganser A, Ludwig WD, Maschmeyer G. Adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and molecular failure display a poor prognosis and are candidates for stem cell transplantation and targeted therapies. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology. 2012 Aug 30;120(9):1868-76.

XXXIII. Mathé G, Amiel JL, Schwarzenberg L, Schneider M, Cattan A, Schlumberger JR, Hayat M, De Vassal F. Active immunotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The Lancet. 1969 Apr 5;293(7597):697-9.

XXXIV. Inaba H, Pui CH. Immunotherapy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 2019 Dec;38(4):595-610.

XXXV. Jabbour E, O’Brien S, Ravandi F, Kantarjian H. Monoclonal antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology. 2015 Jun 25;125(26):4010-6.

XXXVI. Cazzaniga G, van Delft FW, Lo Nigro L, Ford AM, Score J, Iacobucci I, Mirabile E, Taj M, Colman SM, Biondi A, Greaves M. Developmental origins and impact of BCR-ABL1 fusion and IKZF1 deletions in monozygotic twins with Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology. 2011 Nov 17;118(20):5559-64.

XXXVII. Mullighan CG, Williams RT, Downing JR, Sherr CJ. Failure of CDKN2A/B (INK4A/B–ARF)-mediated tumor suppression and resistance to targeted therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia induced by BCR-ABL. Genes & development. 2008 Jun 1;22(11):1411-5.

XXXVIII. Ou Z, Sherer M, Casey J, Bakos HA, Vitullo K, Hu J, Friehling E, Gollin SM, Surti U, Yatsenko SA. The genomic landscape of PAX5, IKZF1, and CDKN2A/B alterations in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 2017 Mar 28;150(3-4):242-52.