Microscopic and Molecular Diagnosis of Giardia Duodenalis in Human in Babylon Province, Iraq
Main Article Content
Abstract
Considering the importance of G. duodenalis to public health and the country's economic situation due to the threat of an outbreak and economic losses . Thus, this study aimed to detect G. duodenalis in human in Babylon province using traditional and molecular techniques. This study was conducted in Babelon province from 1st of Oct 2022 to 30th of March 2023. A total of 100 human stool samples were examined microscopically for detecion of G. duodenalis from both diarrheal and non diarrheal patients attend hospitals and public health centers laboratories . By using microscopic examination. The rate of infection with G.duodenalis was 34/100 (34%). According to sex, the highest infection rate in humans was in males 19/51(37.25%) compared to females 15/49 (30,61%). Significant differences (P≤0.05) was recorded in the rate of infection between age groups, the highest rate 17/29 (58.62% ) observed in (5-14 years) of human. Rural area revealed the highest rate of infection than urban area in human 24/55 (43.63%) with significant differences (P≤0.05). The highest infection rate in humans 10/17 (58.82%) was in November with no statistically significant differences (P≤0.05). In molecular diagnosis, DNA extraction was performed for 40 stool samples human, in order to investigate the genotypes of G. duodenalis from human in Babylon, seven Giardia isolates. were genetically characterized by SSU-rDNA gene sequencing. The results showed the percent of assemblage A was 5/7 (71.4%), while assemblage B was 2/7 (28.6%). These findings suggested that infection of humans by zoonotic genotypes A and B were the most common genotypes detected in all human samples in Babylon province, demonstrating the importance of genotyping identification in understanding the transmission routes and epidemiology of giardiasis.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Organization, W.H., The world health report: 1996: fighting disease, fostering development. 1996: World Health Organization.
II. Baldursson, S. and P. Karanis, Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks–an update 2004–2010. Water research, 2011. 45(20): p. 6603-6614.
III. Adam, E., et al., Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971–2011. Epidemiology & Infection, 2016. 144(13): p. 2790-2801.
IV. Kifleyohannes, T., et al., Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in humans in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: an unexpectedly low occurrence of anthropozoonotic transmission. Acta Tropica, 2022. 231: p. 106450.
V. Hajare, S.T., Y. Chekol, and N.M. Chauhan, Assessment of prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection and its associated factors among government elementary school children from Sidama zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Plos one, 2022. 17(3): p. e0264812.
VI. Rehbein, S., et al., Giardia duodenalis in small animals and their owners in Germany: A pilot study. Zoonoses and public health, 2019. 66(1): p. 117-124.
VII. Ryan, U. and S.M. Cacciò, Zoonotic potential of Giardia. International journal for parasitology, 2013. 43(12-13): p. 943-956.
VIII. dos Santos Silva, A.C., et al., First report of Giardia duodenalis assemblage F in humans and dogs in southern Brazil. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2022. 89: p. 101878.
IX. Hooshyar, H., et al., Giardia lamblia infection: review of current diagnostic strategies. Gastroenterology and Hepatology from bed to Bench, 2019. 12(1): p. 3.
X. Levine, N.D., Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man. Protozoan Parasites of Domestic Animals and of Man., 1961.
XI. Somasegaran, P. and H.J. Hoben, Handbook for rhizobia: methods in legume-Rhizobium technology. 2012: Springer Science & Business Media.
XII. Zajac, A.M., et al., Veterinary clinical parasitology. 2021: John Wiley & Sons.
XIII. Hopkins, R.M., et al., Ribosomal RNA sequencing reveals differences between the genotypes of Giardia isolates recovered from humans and dogs living in the same locality. The Journal of parasitology, 1997: p. 44-51.
XIV. Tamura, K., G. Stecher, and S. Kumar, MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Molecular biology and evolution, 2021. 38(7): p. 3022-3027.
XV. Zhao, Z.-Y., et al., Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis Among Dogs in China from 2001 to 2021: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2022. 19(3): p. 179-191.
XVI. R.C., et al., Comparative analysis of routine parasitological methods for recovery of cysts, molecular detection, and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2021. 40(12): p. 2633-2638.
XVII. Al-Sherefy, M.K. and A.K. Al-Hamairy, Epidemiological and diagnostic Study for diarrheic agents (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium sp.) among diarrheic infected faeces patients by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction in the Babylon province, Iraq. Life Science Journal, 2022. 19(6).
XVIII. Latif, B., H. Al-Talib, and S. Al-Akely, Prevalence of intestinal protozoa among humans, animals and vegetables in Baghdad, Iraq. Intestinal Medical Journal, 2020. 27(2): p. 136-140.
XIX. Aw, J.Y., et al., Giardia duodenalis infection in the context of a community-based deworming and water, sanitation and hygiene trial in Timor-Leste. Parasites & vectors, 2019. 12: p. 1-10.
XX. Osman, M., et al., The indelible toll of enteric pathogens: Prevalence, clinical characterization, and seasonal trends in patients with acute community-acquired diarrhea in disenfranchised communities. Plos one, 2023. 18(3): p. e0282844.
XXI. Falah, A.-K., et al., Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia Associated with Infectious Diarrhea in Al-Shomally population, Babil, Iraq. Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal, 2019. 3(4): p. 245-245.
XXII. Al-Saqur, I.M., et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in Iraq during 2015. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2020. AIP Publishing LLC.
XXIII. Reh, L., et al., Substantial prevalence of enteroparasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. in asymptomatic schoolchildren in Madrid, Spain, November 2017 to June 2018. Eurosurveillance, 2019. 24(43): p. 1900241.
XXIV. Ali, I.Y., W.M.S. Mero, and A.B. Mohammed, Prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia among infants and children in Duhok province/Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 2022. 11(4): p. 147-152.
XXV. Pickering, A.J., et al., Effects of single and integrated water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition interventions on child soil-transmitted helminth and Giardia infections: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Kenya. PLoS medicine, 2019. 16(6): p. e1002841.
XXVI. Khlaf, W.M.A., The spread of the parasite Giardia lamblia in the city of Samarra and its effect on some biochemical variables. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 2022: p. 2133-2138.
XXVII. Jiang, Y., et al., Molecular identification and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in Shanghai, China. Parasites & Vectors, 2023. 16(1): p. 53.
XXVIII. Hasan, T.A.H., A.K.A. Muhaimid, and A.R. Mahmoud, Epidemiological Study of Giardia lamblia in Tikrit city, Iraq. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 2020. 11(9): p. 102-106.
XXIX. Khudhair, A.A., Prevalence of Giardia lamblia among Residents of Hawler, Soran and Chamchamal Cities, North of Iraq. Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences, 2020. 3(2): p. 28-36.
XXX. Shahatha, S.S., An Epidemiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Study of Giardia lamblia in Anbar Province–Iraq. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 2019. 9(01): p. 39-45.
XXXI. Hunter, P.R., et al., Waterborne diseases. Emerging infectious diseases, 2001. 7(3 Suppl): p. 544.
XXXII. Rayani, M., et al., Isoenzyme profiles and phylogenetic analysis of Giardia duodenalis isolates from Iranian patients. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020. 27: p. 40652-40663.
XXXIII. Al Mosawy, B.J., J.M. Khalaf, and A.A. Al-Kinany, MOLECULAR DETECTION OF GIARDIA SPECIES IN CATS AND HANDLERS AT WASIT PROVINCE, IRAQ. 2020.
XXXIV. Zahedi, A., D. Field, and U. Ryan, Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis in humans in Queensland–first report of Assemblage E. Parasitology, 2017. 144(9): p. 1154-1161.
XXXV. Mahal, S.S. and G.B. Al-Omashi, Molecular Diagnosis and Genotype Analysis of Giardia lambelia in Diarrheal Patient in Al-Diwaniyah Province-Iraq. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 2021. 15(2): p. 3359-3366.
XXXVI. Ahmad, A.A., A.M. El-Kady, and T.M. Hassan, Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in children in upper Egypt using assemblage-specific PCR technique. PloS one, 2020. 15(10): p. e0240119.
XXXVII. Kuthyar, S., et al., Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and evidence for cross species transmission in Northern Argentina. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2022. 69(4): p. 2209-2218.