Molecular Detection of mecA gene among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Clinical Samples in Sokoto, Nigeria
Main Article Content
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections have become a common problem in hospital and community-acquired infections. This study was aimed at detecting the presence of mecA gene among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from clinical samples obtained from 2 major hospitals in Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria. A total of 95 non duplicate isolates were screened for confirmation using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out by disc diffusion using Cefoxitin and resistant isolates were tested with different other antibiotics. All MRSA isolates were subjected to molecular analysis by detection of mecA gene based on PCR technique. Showed that, 42/95 (44.2%) were methicillin resistant. The most potent antibiotic was quinupristin/dalfopristin with 83.3% sensitivity followed by rifampicin with 81.0% and clindamycin with a 71.4%. The least activity was shown to be in fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin with 78.6% of the isolates demonstrating resistance followed by, tetracycline and gentamycin with 64.3%, 61.9% and 61.9% respectively. Most of the MRSA isolates were resistant to more than three antibiotics.PCR showed 36(85.7%) harbored the mecA gene. Although, polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard for determining Methicillin resistance through the detection of the mecA gene, the present study phenotypically established the presence of methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates that are mecA negative. Therefore, interpretation of MRSA detection strictly based on mecA detection should be done with care in the study area.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Abdullahi N, Iregbu KC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a central Nigeria tertiary hospital. Annals of Tropical Pathology. 2018 Jan 1;9(1):6.
II. Abubakar, U., & Sulaiman, S. A. (2018). Prevalence, trend and antimicrobial susceptibility of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nigeria: a systematic review. Journal of infection and public health, 11(6), 763-770.
III. Adeiza SS, Onaolapo JA, Olayinka BO. Prevalence, risk-factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) obtained from nares of patients and staff of Sokoto state-owned hospitals in Nigeria. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control. 2020;15.
IV. Adetayo TO, Deji-Agboola AM, Popoola MY, Atoyebi TJ, Egberongbe KJ. Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical Specimens in Ibadan, Nigeria. The International Journal Of Engineering and Science. 2014;3(9):1-1.
V. Ariom TO, Iroha IR, Moses IB, Iroha CS, Ude UI, Kalu AC. Detection and phenotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical and community samples in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. African health sciences. 2019 Aug 20;19(2):2026-35.
VI. Breves A, Miranda CA, Flores C, Filippis ID, Clementino MM. Methicillin-and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in health care workers and medical devices. Jornal brasileiro de patologia e medicina laboratorial. 2015 May;51:143-52.
VII. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard - Eleventh Edition. 2012; Pp. 11-13.
VIII. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). ‘Performance Standards for Antimicrobial ‘Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement (M100-S24)’, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500 Wayne, PA 19087 USA.2014; Pp 68-75.
IX. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). ‘Performance Standards for Antimicrobial ‘Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement (M100-S24)’, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500 Wayne, PA 19087 USA.2020; Pp 68-75.
X. De Lencastre H, De Jonge BL, Matthews PR, Tomasz A. Molecular aspects of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 1994 Jan 1;33(1):7-24.
XI. Deurenberg RH, Stobberingh EE. The molecular evolution of hospital-and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Current molecular medicine. 2009 Mar 1;9(2):100-15.
XII. Dhungel S, Rijal KR, Yadav B, Dhungel B, Adhikari N, Shrestha UT, Adhikari B, Banjara MR, Ghimire P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and detection of mec A gene among cardiac patients from a Tertiary Care Heart Center in Kathmandu, Nepal. Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment. 2021 Sep;14:11786337211037355.
XIII. Elhassan MM, Ozbak HA, Hemeg HA, Elmekki MA, Ahmed LM. Absence of the mecA gene in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical specimens in Shendi City, Sudan. BioMed research international. 2015 Oct;2015.
XIV. EKRAMI A, Samarbafzadeh AR, Alavi M, Kalantar E, HAMZEHLOUEI F. Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus species isolated from burn patients in a burn center, Ahvaz, Iran.
XV. Gaddafi MS, Yakubu Y, Junaidu AU, Bello MB, Garba B, Bitrus AA, Lawal H. Nasal Colonization of Pigs and Farm attendants by Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Kebbi, Northwestern Nigeria. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2021 Mar 1;51(1):119-24. Garcia, L. S. and Isenberg, H. D. (2010). Clinical Microbiology Procedures handbook (3rd Edition). American society of microbiology press, Washington DC.
XVI. Garcia, L. S. (Ed.). (2010). Clinical microbiology procedures handbook (Vol. 1). American Society for Microbiology Press.
XVII. Ibadin EE, Enabulele IO, Muinah F. Prevalence of mecA gene among staphylococci from clinical samples of a tertiary hospital in Benin City, Nigeria. African health sciences. 2017;17(4):1000-10.
XVIII. Jiang H, Dong H, Zhang G,Yu B, Chapman L.R and Fields M.W (2006). Microbial diversity in water and sediment of lake Chaka, an athalassohaline lake in north western China. Jiang H, Dong H, Zhang G, Yu B, Chapman LR, Fields MW. Microbial diversity in water and sediment of Lake Chaka, an athalassohaline lake in northwestern China. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2006 Jun;72(6):3832-45. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 72 (6): 3832-3845
XIX. Kaur N, Prasad R, Varma A. Detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by automated and manual methods. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2013;4(2):534-40.
XX. Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: molecular characterization, evolution, and epidemiology. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2018 Sep 12;31(4):e00020-18.
XXI. Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. New England journal of medicine. 1998 Aug 20;339(8):520-32.
XXII. Mahmood HA, Flayyih MT. Detection of van A gene of Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus by PCR technique. Int J. 2014;2(7):209-16.
XXIII. Murakami K, Minamide W, Wada K, Nakamura E, Teraoka H, Watanabe S. Identification of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of clinical microbiology. 1991 Oct;29(10):2240-4.
XXIV. Musawa IA, Yakubu Y, Garba B, Ballah FM, Jibril HA, Bello AS, Sani MG, Farida A. Dressed chicken as potential vehicle for spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Sokoto, Nigeria. Future Science OA. 2020 Aug 24;6(10):FSO619.
XXV. Queck SY, Khan BA, Wang R, Bach TH, Kretschmer D, Chen L, Kreiswirth BN, Peschel A, DeLeo FR, Otto M. Mobile genetic element-encoded cytolysin connects virulence to methicillin resistance in MRSA. PLoS pathogens. 2009 Jul 31;5(7):e1000533.
XXVI. Samson OO, Anthony OE. Prevalence of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus in clinical specimens obtained from patients attending the university of Benin teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. Prevalence. 2013;3(5).
XXVII. Shopsin B, Kreiswirth BN. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Emerging infectious diseases. 2001 Mar;7(2):323.
XXVIII. Shariati L, Validi M, Tabatabaiefar MA, Karimi A, Nafisi MR. Comparison of real-time PCR with disk diffusion, agar screen and E-test methods for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Current microbiology. 2010 Dec;61(6):520-4.
XXIX. Turner NA, Sharma-Kuinkel BK, Maskarinec SA, Eichenberger EM, Shah PP, Carugati M, Holland TL, Fowler VG. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an overview of basic and clinical research. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2019 Apr;17(4):203-18.
XXX. United Kingdom Standards for Microbiology Investigations. Bacteriology test procedures. Issued by the Standards Unit, Public health England. (Issue no 3) 2014; Pp 8-11.