Vitex trifolia as Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors in Anti-Inflammatory Drug Discovery
Main Article Content
Abstract
Inflammation is involved in several stages of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, asthma, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, or cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid and has an important role in various inflammatory-related pathologies. The selective suppression of COX-2 over COX-1 is thought to be a useful approach for treating inflammation. Vitex trifolia is traditionally used for various inflammatory ailments, thus giving scope for anti-inflammatory studies. Since the action of Ethanol extract of Vitex trifolia (EEVT) on COX-2 has not been previously described. In this study, we further investigated the effect of Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory effects spectrophotometrically in ELISA readers and evaluated anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The edema volume was measured using a plethysmometer. The results showed that the EEVt (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW) had significant anti-inflammatory activity and the EEVt demonstrated a COX-2 Inhibitory effect. The percentage of COX-2 inhibition was 8,04%, 20,74%, 21,92%, and the percentage of inhibition of paw edema was 39,56%, 45,60%, and 40,56%, respectively. These findings suggest that Vitex trifolia leaves extracts to possess promising and remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, which is directed against the enzymatic activity of COX-2.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Fullerton JN, Gilroy DW. Resolution of inflammation : a new therapeutic frontier. Nat Publ Gr. 2016;15(8):551–67.
II. Granger DN, Senchenkova E. Inflammation and the Microcirculation. Vol. 2, Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function. 2010. 1–87 p.
III. Jadhav RP, Kengar MD, Narule O V., Koli VW, Kumbhar SB. A Review on Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and its Herbal Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Asian J Res Pharm Sci. 2019;9(2):112–22.
IV. Kohno S, Murata T, Sugiura A, Ito C, Iranshahi M, Hikita K, et al. Methyl galbanate, a novel inhibitor of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. J Nat Med. 2011;65(2):353–9.
V. Larsen BHV, Soelberg J, Jäger AK. COX-1 inhibitory effect of medicinal plants of Ghana. South African J Bot [Internet]. 2015;99:129–31. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.04.004
VI. Rumzhum NN, Ammit AJ. Cyclooxygenase 2: Its regulation, role and impact in airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46(3):397–410.
VII. Kumar S, Bajwa BS, Kuldeep S, Kalia A. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Herbal Plants : A Review. Int J Adv pharmacy, Biol Chem. 2013;2(2):272–81.
VIII. Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: Bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMJ. 2017;357:1–13.
IX. Harirforoosh S, Asghar W, Jamali F. Adverse effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: An update of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and renal complications. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;16(5):821–47.
X. Sostres C, Gargallo CJ, Lanas A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper and lower gastrointestinal mucosal damage. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(SUPPL 3):1–8.
XI. Sostres C, Gargallo CJ, Arroyo MT, Lanas A. Adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, aspirin and coxibs) on upper gastrointestinal tract. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;24(2):121–32.
XII. Meena A, Uttam S Niranjan, AK Yadav, Brijendra Singh, AK Nagaria, A Gaurav, et al. Vitex negundo Linn; a Review on Its Ethnobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile. Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2010;2(2):122–8.
XIII. Brusotti G, Cesari I, Dentamaro A, Caccialanza G, Massolini G. Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plant resources: The role of analysis in the ethnopharmacological approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal [Internet]. 2014;87:218–28. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.007
XIV. Ifora I, Hasyim N, Kardela W. Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitory Effect and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L .) Rind Extract. 2020;5:17–22.
XV. Ifora, Arifin H, Silvia R. Efek Antiinflamasi Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kirinyuh ( Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M. King & H. Rob ) Secara Topikal dan Penentuan Jumlah Sel Leukosit Pada Mencit Putih Jantan. J Farm Higea. 2017;9(1):68–76.
XVI. Ifora I, Kardela W, Yora HYM. Uji Aktivitas Antikolesterol Ekstrak Etanol Buah Malur ( Brucea Javanica ( L .) Merr ) terhadap Mencit Putih Jantan Hiperkolesterolemia. J Farm Higea. 2019;11(1):2–3.
XVII. Alamgeer, Uttra AM, Ahsan H, Hasan UH, Chaudhary MA. Traditional medicines of plant origin used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders in Pakistan: A review. J Tradit Chinese Med. 2018;38(4):636–56.
XVIII. Elgorashi EE, McGaw LJ. African plants with in vitro anti-inflammatory activities: A review. South African J Bot. 2019;126:142–69.
XIX. Aravind R, Bindu A., Bindu K, Kanthlal S, AnilKumar B. Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of the Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm. F).Blume Leaves using Carrageenan Induced Rat Paw Oedema Method. Res J Pharm Technol. 2013;6(7):746–8.
XX. Ifora I, Sintia B, Srangenge Y. Pengaruh Penghambatan Enzim Siklooksigenase-2 dan Aktivitas Antiinflamasi dari Ekstrak Daun Ketumbar (Coriandrum sativum L.). J Kefarmasian Indones. 2021;11(1):17–24.
XXI. Ifora I, Fauziah F, Mayora SA. Aktivitas Anti-inflamasi dan Daya Hambat Siklooksigenase-2 Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tembelekan ( Lantana camara L .). J Farm Higea. 2020;12(1):32–9.
XXII. Azab A, Nassar A, Azab AN. Anti-inflammatory activity of natural products. Molecules. 2016;21(10):1–19.
XXIII. Shah M, Parveen Z, Khan MR. Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the stem bark of Sapindus mukorossi. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):1–16.
XXIV. Ifora I, Dharma S, Maywidia Darma D. Pengaruh Pemberian Kombinasi Jahe Merah, Bawang Putih, Apel, Lemon Dan Madu Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Dan Histopatologis Pembuluh Darah Aorta Jantung Tikus Putih Jantan. J Farm Higea. 2016;8(2):163.
XXV. Ankalikar A, Viswanathswamy AH. Effect of leaves of Vitex. trifolia linn on different stages of inflammation. Indian J Pharm Educ Res. 2017;51(3):461–71.
XXVI. Li WX, Cui C Bin, Cai B, Wang HY, Yao XS. Flavonoids from Vitex trifolia L. inhibit cell cycle progression at G 2/M phase and induce apoptosis in mammalian cancer cells. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2005;7(4):615–26.
XXVII. Ono M, Sawamura H, Ito Y, Mizuki K, Nohara T. Diterpenoids from the fruits of Vitex trifolia. Phytochemistry. 2000;55(2):873–7.
XXVIII. Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Carrageenin-induced edema in hind paw of the Rat as an Assay for Antiinflammatory. Exp Biol Med. 1962;3(111):544–7.
XXIX. Crunkhorn P, Meacock SCR. Mediators of the inflammation induced in the rat paw by carrageenin. Br J Pharmacol. 1971;42(3):392–402.
XXX. Vinegar R, Scrheiber W, Hugo R. Biphasic Development of Carragenin Edema in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1969;166(1).
XXXI. Carl Nathan. Points of control in inflammation. Nature. 2002;420(19/26):846–52.
XXXII. Matsui M, Kumar-Roine S, Darius HT, Chinain M, Laurent D, Pauillac S. Characterisation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Vitex trifolia L. (Labiatae), a multipurpose plant of the Pacific traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(3):427–33.
XXXIII. Yam MF, Loh YC, Tan CS, Adam SK, Manan NA, Basir R. General pathways of pain sensation and the major neurotransmitters involved in pain regulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8).
XXXIV. Conaghan PG, Cook AD, Hamilton JA, Tak PP. Therapeutic options for targeting inflammatory osteoarthritis pain. Nat Rev Rheumatol [Internet]. 2019;15(6):355–63. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41584-019-0221-y
XXXV. Ricciotti E, Fitzgerald GA, Ricciotti E, Fitzgerald GA. Prostaglandins and Inflammation. Arter Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:986–1000.
XXXVI. Medzhitov R. Overview Essay Inflammation 2010 : New Adventures of an Old Flame. 2010;771–6.
XXXVII. Alessandri AL, Sousa LP, Lucas CD, Rossi AG, Pinho V, Teixeira MM. Resolution of inflammation: Mechanisms and opportunity for drug development. Pharmacol Ther [Internet]. 2013;139(2):189–212. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.006
XXXVIII. Kulwinder Singh, Monika, Neelam Verma. Gastrointestinal and Cardiovascular Risks of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Time to Translate Knowledge into Practice. Res J Pharm Technol. 2014;7(5):575–80.
XXXIX. Vazhappilly CG, Ansari SA, Al-Jaleeli R, Al-Azawi AM, Ramadan WS, Menon V, et al. Role of flavonoids in thrombotic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases. Inflammopharmacology [Internet]. 2019;27(5):863–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-019-00612-6
XL. Lim T. Cajanus cajan. In: Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer, Dordrecht. Springer, Dordrecht; 2012. 549–568 p.
XLI. Li Y, Yao J, Han C, Yang J, Chaudhry MT, Wang S, et al. Quercetin, inflammation and immunity. Nutrients. 2016;8(3):1–14.
XLII. Messina S, Bitto A, Aguennouz M, Mazzeo A, Migliorato A, Polito F, et al. Flavocoxid counteracts muscle necrosis and improves functional properties in mdx mice : A comparison study with methylprednisolone. Exp Neurol [Internet]. 2009;220(2):349–58. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.015
XLIII. Sridharamurthy NB, Dhiman Vinay, R. Yogananda. Extraction and Screening of Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Rhynchosia beddomel Leaves. Res J Pharmacol Pharmacodyn. 2012;4(5):319–27.
XLIV. Altavilla D, Squadrito F, Bitto A, Polito F, Burnett BP, Di Stefano V, et al. Flavocoxid, a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, blunts pro-inflammatory phenotype activation in endotoxin-stimulated macrophages. Br J Pharmacol. 2009;157(8):1410–8.
XLV. Jeremić SR, Šehović SF, Manojlović NT, Marković ZS. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of purpurin. Monatshefte fur Chemie. 2012;143(3):427–35.
XLVI. Rita M C, Hemant J Dhongade, Manoj S Charde, Siddheshwar B Joshi. Evaluation of Wound Healing, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Rhizomes of Curcuma longa. Res J Pharmacol Pharmacodyn. 2010;2(1):42–7.
XLVII. Ravipati AS, Zhang L, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Reddy N, Bartlett J, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected Chinese medicinal plants and their relation with antioxidant content. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:5–10.
XLVIII. Parameswari P, Devika R. In silico Molecular Docking Studies of Quercetin Compound against Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Proteins. Res J Pharm Technol. 2019 Nov 30;12(11):5305–9.
XLIX. Wu J, Zhou T, Zhang SW, Zhang XH, Xuan LJ. Cytotoxic terpenoids from the fruits of Vtex trifolia L. Planta Med. 2009;75(4):367–70.
L. Ojha DK, Jain AP. Phytochemical Screening, Estimation of Total Phenolic, Flavanoid Content and Estimation of Antioxidant Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Vitex Negundo, Vitex Trifolia and Vitex Parviflora. J Adv Sci Res. 2021;12(04):268–71.